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Les publications scientifiques
Les articles scientifiques suivants ont été produits dans le cadre du projet européen FOOTPRINT. Vous pouvez obtenir un tiré-à-part des articles soit en contactant les premiers auteurs soit en utilisant le formulaire situé au bas de cette page.
Jarvis N.J. (2007). A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores: principles, controlling factors and consequences for water quality. European Journal of Soil Science, 58:523-546.
Courriel pour tiré-à-part: Nick Jarvis
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Résumé en anglais: This review discusses the causes and consequences of ‘non-equilibrium’ water flow and solute transport in large structural pores or macropores (root and earthworm channels, fissures and interaggregate voids). The experimental evidence suggests that pores larger than c. 0.3 mm in equivalent cylindrical diameter allow rapid non-equilibrium flow. Apart from their large size and continuity, this is also due to the presence of impermeable linings and coatings that restrict lateral mass exchange. Macropores also represent microsites in soil that are more biologically active, and often more chemically reactive than the bulk soil. However, sorption retardation during transport through such pores is weaker than in the bulk soil, due to their small surface areas and significant kinetic effects, especially in larger macropores. The potential for non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport at any site depends on the nature of the macropore network, which is determined by the factors of structure formation and degradation, including the abundance and activity of soil biota such as earthworms, soil properties (e.g. clay content), site factors (e.g. slope position, drying intensity, vegetation) and management (e.g. cropping, tillage, traffic). A conceptual model is proposed that summarizes these effects of site factors on the inherent potential for non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in macropores. Initial and boundary conditions determine the extent to which this potential is realized. High rain intensities clearly increase the strength of non-equilibrium flow in macropores, but the effects of initial water content seem complex, due to the confounding effects of soil shrinkage and water repellency. The impacts of macropore flow on water quality are most significant for relatively immobile solutes that are foreign to the soil and whose effects on ecosystem and human health are pronounced even at small leached fractions (e.g. pesticides). The review concludes with a discussion of topics where process understanding is still lacking, and also suggests some potential applications of the considerable knowledge that has accumulated in recent decades.
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Stenemo F. & Jarvis N.J. (2007). Accounting for uncertainty in pedotransfer functions in vulnerability assessments of pesticide leaching to groundwater. Pest Management Science, 63(9):867-875.
Courriel pour tiré-à-part: Fredrik Stenemo
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Résumé en anglais: A simulation tool for site-specific vulnerability assessments of pesticide leaching to groundwater was developed, based on the pesticide fate and transport model MACRO, parameterized using pedotransfer functions and reasonable worst-case parameter values. The effects of uncertainty in the pedotransfer functions on simulation
results were examined for 48 combinations of soils, pesticides and application timings, by sampling pedotransfer
function regression errors and propagating them through the simulation model in a Monte Carlo analysis. An
uncertainty factor, fu, was derived, defined as the ratio between the concentration simulated with no errors, csim,
and the 80th percentile concentration for the scenario. The pedotransfer function errors caused a large variation
in simulation results, with fu ranging from 1.14 to 1440, with a median of 2.8. A non-linear relationship was
found between fu and csim, which can be used to account for parameter uncertainty by correcting the simulated
concentration, csim, to an estimated 80th percentile value. For fine-textured soils, the predictions were most
sensitive to errors in the pedotransfer functions for two parameters regulating macropore flow (the saturated
matrix hydraulic conductivity, Kb, and the effective diffusion pathlength, d) and two water retention function
parameters (van Genuchten’s N and a parameters). For coarse-textured soils, the model was also sensitive to
errors in the exponent in the degradation water response function and the dispersivity, in addition to Kb, but
showed little sensitivity to d. To reduce uncertainty in model predictions, improved pedotransfer functions for
Kb, d,N and a would therefore be most useful.
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Reichenberger S., Bach M., Skitschak A. & Frede H.-G. Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground- and surface water and their effectiveness: a review. The Science of the Total Environment, 384:1-35.
Courriel pour tiré-à-part: Stefan Reichenberger
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Résumé en anglais: In this paper, the current knowledge on mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into surface water and groundwater, and their effectiveness when applied in practice is reviewed. Apart from their effectiveness in reducing pesticide inputs into groundand surface water, the mitigation measures identified in the literature are evaluated with respect to their practicability. Those measures considered both effective and feasible are recommended for implementing at the farm and catchment scale. Finally, recommendations for modelling are provided using the identified reduction efficiencies. Roughly 180 publications directly dealing with or being somehow related to mitigation of pesticide inputs into water bodies were examined. The effectiveness of grassed buffer strips located at the lower edges of fields has been demonstrated. However, this effectiveness is very variable, and the variability cannot be explained by strip width alone. Riparian buffer strips are most probably much less effective than edge-of-field buffer strips in reducing pesticide runoff and erosion inputs into surface waters. Constructed wetlands are promising tools for mitigating pesticide inputs via runoff/erosion and drift into surface waters, but their effectiveness still has to be demonstrated for weakly and moderately sorbing compounds. Subsurface drains are an effective mitigation measure for pesticide runoff losses from slowly permeable soils with frequent waterlogging. For the pathways drainage and leaching, the only feasible mitigation measures are application rate reduction, product substitution and shift of the application date. There are many possible effective measures of spray drift reduction. While sufficient knowledge exists for suggesting default values for the efficiency of single drift mitigation measures, little information exists on the effect of the drift reduction efficiency of combinations of measures. More research on possible interactions between different drift mitigation measures and the resulting overall drift reduction efficiency is therefore indicated. Point-source inputs can be mitigated against by increasing awareness of the farmers with regard to pesticide handling and application, and encouraging them to implement loss-reducing measures of “best management practice”. In catchments dominated by diffuse inputs at least in some years, mitigation of point-source inputs alone may not be sufficient to reduce pesticide loads/concentrations in water bodies to an acceptable level.
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Blenkinsop S., Fowler H.J., Dubus I.G., Nolan B.T. & Hollis J.M. (2008). Developing climatic scenarios for pesticide fate modelling in Europe. Environmental Pollution, 154:219-231.
Courriel pour tiré-à-part: Stephen Blenkinsop
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Résumé en anglais: A climatic classification for Europe suitable for pesticide fate modelling was constructed using a 3-stage process involving the identification of key climatic variables, the extraction of the dominant modes of spatial variability in those variables and the use of k-means clustering to identify regions with similar climates. The procedure identified 16 coherent zones that reflect the variability of climate across Europe whilst maintaining a manageable number of zones for subsequent modelling studies. An analysis of basic climatic parameters for each zone demonstrates the success of the scheme in identifying distinct climatic regions. Objective criteria were used to identify one representative 26-year daily meteorological series from a European dataset for each zone. The representativeness of each series was then verified against the zonal classi- fications. These new FOOTPRINT climate zones provide a state-of-the-art objective classification of European climate complete with representative daily data that are suitable for use in pesticide fate modelling.
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Barriuso E., Benoit P. & Dubus I.G. (2008). The formation of pesticide bound residues in soil: magnitude, controlling factors and reversibility. Environmental Science & Technology, in press.
Courriel pour tiré-à-part: Enrique Barriuso.
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Abstract: The analysis of the coherent data on non-extractable (bound) residues (NER) from the literature and EU pesticide registration dossiers allows the identification of general trends, in spite of the large variability and heterogeneity of data. About 50% of the pesticides reviewed exhibit a low proportion of NER (less than 30% of the initial amount) while only 12% of pesticides have a proportion of NER exceeding 70%. The lowest proportion of NER was found for dinitroanilines (< 20%) and the largest value was obtained for carbamates, and in particular dithiocarbamates. The presence of chemical reactive groups, such as aniline or phenol, tends to yield a larger proportion of NER. NER originating from N-heteroatomic ring were found to be lower than from phenyl-ring structures. Among the environmental factors affecting the formation of NER, microbial activity has a direct and significant effect. Concerning the NER uptake or their bioavailability, consistent data suggest that only a small percentage of the total amounts of NER can be released. The analysis of NER formation kinetics showed that incubation experiments are often stopped too early to allow a correct evaluation of the NER maturation phase. There is therefore a need for longer term experiments to evaluate the tail of the NER formation kinetics. Still, the heterogeneity of the NER data between pesticides and for specific pesticides calls for great care in the interpretation of the data and their generalisation.
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Nolan B.T., Dubus I.G., Surdyk N., Fowler H.J., Burton A., Hollis J.M., Reichenberger S. & Jarvis N.J. (2008). Identification of key climatic factors regulating the transport of pesticides in leaching and to tile drains. Pest Management Science, in press.
Courriel pour tiré-à-part:
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Abstract: We identified key climatic factors influencing the fate of pesticides in the environment as part of an ongoing risk assessment for the European Union. Climatic zonations for fate modelling were previously based on average annual temperature and rainfall. Other climate characteristics, such as the timing of rainfall in relation to pesticide application, may be more critical. We simulated the fate of three pesticides, nine contrasting soil types, two application periods, five application dates, and six climatic data series using the pesticide leaching model MACRO. The climatic data were then characterized in detail with regard to rainfall and temperature patterns before and after pesticide application. Predicted cumulative pesticide loads were analyzed and related to climatic variables using statistical methods. Soil type was a dominant factor controlling pesticide loss in both leaching and drainage scenarios. Clay soils were consistently associated with upper-quartile pesticide losses (>0.046 mg/m2 for leaching and 0.042 mg/m2 for drainage). Winter rainfall influenced losses of less mobile and more persistent compounds, while short-term rainfall and temperature controlled the more mobile pesticides. Climate interacted strongly with soil type under both leaching and drainage scenarios. The influence of short-term climatic variables and the timing of extreme events in relation to pesticide application were greater for drainage scenarios than for leaching, which is consistent with the rapid transport of pesticide via macropores in fine-textured soils. Climatic factors identified here are being used to refine climatic zonations representing the European Union.
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Centofanti T., Hollis J.M., Blenkinsop S., Fowler H.J., Truckell I., Dubus I.G. & Reichenberger S. (2008). Development of agro-environmental scenarios to support pestcide risk assessment in Europe.The Science of the Total Environment, 407:574-588.
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Abstract: This paper describes work carried out within the EU-funded FOOTPRINT project to characterize the diversity of European agricultural and environmental conditions with respect to parameters which most influence the environmental fate of pesticides. Pan-European datasets for soils, climate, land cover and cropping were intersected, using GIS, to identify the full range of unique combinations of climate, soil and crop types which characterize European agriculture. The resulting FOOTPRINT European agro-environmental dataset constitutes a large number of polygons (approximately 1,700,000) with attribute data files for i) area fractions of annual crops related to each arable-type polygon (as an indicator of its probability of occurrence); and, ii) area fractions of each soil type in each polygon (as an indicator of its probability of occurrence). A total of 25,044 unique combinations of climate zones, agricultural land cover classes, administrative units and soil map units were identified. The same soil/crop combinations occur in many polygons which have the same climate while the fractions of the soils and arable crops are different. The number of unique combinations of climate, soil and agricultural land cover class is therefore only 7961. 26-year daily meteorological data, soil profile characteristics and crop management features were associated with each unique combination. The agro-environmental scenarios developed can be used to underpin the parameterization of environmental fate models for pesticides and should also have relevance for other agricultural pollutants. The implications for the improvement and further development of risk assessment procedures for pesticides are discussed.
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Jarvis N.J., Moyes J., Hollis J.M., Reichenberger S., Lindahl A. & Dubus I.G. (2009). A conceptual model of soil susceptibility to macropore flow. Vadose Zone Journal, in press.
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Abstract:The extent to which a fast, non-equilibrium and highly transient pore-scale process such as macropore flow can be predicted is very often debated, although little research has been conducted to investigate this issue. The validity of approaches to ‘upscaling’ transport predictions from pore through Darcy to landscape scales critically depends on the answer to this question. In this paper we develop and describe a simple conceptual model of soil susceptibility to macropore flow, based on a synthesis of existing experimental information. The conceptual model takes the form of a decision tree, which classifies soil horizons into one of four susceptibility classes on the basis of easily available site and soil factors. The model was tested against an independent database of tracer breakthrough experiments on undisturbed soil columns collated from the literature (n=52), using the pore volumes drained at peak solute concentration tp as a measure of the strength of macropore flow. Analysis of variance for tp as a function of susceptibility class showed that the overall model was significant. A significant proportion of the residual variation in tp could be attributed to variation in clay content within one of the susceptibility classes. Some important sources of experimental error were also identified which may account for much of the remaining unexplained variation. It is concluded that macropore flow is predictable to a sufficient degree from easily available soil properties and site factors. The simple classification tree developed in this paper could be used to support hydro-pedological approaches to quantifying the spatial distribution of contaminant leaching at the landscape scale, by providing the basis for class pedotransfer functions to estimate model parameters related to macropore flow. Such an approach has been implemented in the European project FOOTPRINT.
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Lindahl A.I., Dubus I.G. & Jarvis N.J. (2009). Site classification to predict the abundance of the deep-burrowing earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. Vadose Zone Journal, in press.
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Abstract:Channels made by deep-burrowing (‘anecic’) earthworms are known to strongly affect soil water flow and increase the leaching risk of agricultural pollutants. A classification tree that predicts the abundance of the anecic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. from readily available survey information (land use, management practices and soil texture) was derived from literature data (n = 86). The most important factors favouring Lumbricus terrestris L. were perennial land use, no-till arable cropping, organic additions (i.e. manure) and medium-textured soil. The classification scheme correctly predicted earthworm abundance for 71% of the studies in the database. Among other potential applications, the classification tree could be used to identify areas at risk from groundwater pollution in agricultural landscapes and to support catchment and regional-scale models of contaminant leaching in the vadose zone.
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>FOOTPRINT est un projet de recherche financé par la Commission Européenne et qui vise à... Suite
>Accès à FOOTPRINT SUGAR
>Accès à la FOOTPRINT PPDB
14/01/10: Nouvelles journées d'information en février et mars
12/12/09: Journée d'information à Paris
22/10/09: Journées d'information à Paris et Bruxelles
01/07/09: Création de FOOTWAYS, la structure de valorisation et de dissémination FOOTPRINT
18/03/09: Conférence finale en Allemagne
23/02/09: iNovaGIS remplace GEOSYS
07/01/09: 2 nouveaux articles scientifiques acceptés
10/11/08: Diapos de l'annual meeting disponibles
07/11/08: Assemblée annuelle le 6 et 7 novembre en Pologne
06/10/08: Nouvel article scientifique
31/07/08: Mise à jour importante de la FOOTPRINT PPDB
01/07/08: Workshops sur FOOT-FS dans 7 pays européens
09/06/08: Séminaire ORP sur les attentes françaises
26/03/08: Mise à disposition de FOOTPRINT SUGAR
01/03/08: FOOTPRINT & le Grenelle de l'Environnement
18/01/08: 2 nouveaux articles publiés
18/12/07: Nouveau document pour les décideurs
03/12/07: Les PPT de l'assemblée générale annuelle
16/11/07: FOOTPRINT au colloque SWAP-CPP
01/10/07: AG annuelle - 22 & 23 novembre 2007 en Italie
07/09/07: session FOOTPRINT à Piacenza
14/08/07: 2 nouveaux articles
24/06/07: Site web en français
02/04/07: Première lettre d'information
29/11/06: Posters téléchargeables
27/11/06: AG annuelle 2006. Voir les PPT
26/09/06: Présentation à l'AgChemForum 2006
02/07/06: Disponibilité des synthèses biblio FOOTPRINT
17/05/06: FOOTPRINT PPDB
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