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Pubblicazioni scientifiche di FOOTPRINT
Di seguito sono riportati gli articoli scientifici legati al lavoro intrapreso in FOOTPRINT. Vi preghiamo di contattare il primo autore qualora desideraste un reprint. .
Lavori pubblicati o accettati per la pubblicazione
Jarvis N.J. (2007). A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores: principles, controlling factors and consequences for water quality. European Journal of Soil Science, 58:609-624. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00846.x.
Vi preghiamo di contattare direttamente Nick Jarvis per ottenere un reprint del lavoro.
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Abstract: This review discusses the causes and consequences of ‘non-equilibrium’ water flow and solute transport in large structural pores or macropores (root and earthworm channels, fissures and interaggregate voids). The experimental evidence suggests that pores larger than c. 0.3 mm in equivalent cylindrical diameter allow rapid non-equilibrium flow. Apart from their large size and continuity, this is also due to the presence of impermeable linings and coatings that restrict lateral mass exchange. Macropores also represent microsites in soil that are more biologically active, and often more chemically reactive than the bulk soil. However, sorption retardation during transport through such pores is weaker than in the bulk soil, due to their small surface areas and significant kinetic effects, especially in larger macropores. The potential for non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport at any site depends on the nature of the macropore network, which is determined by the factors of structure formation and degradation, including the abundance and activity of soil biota such as earthworms, soil properties (e.g. clay content), site factors (e.g. slope position, drying intensity, vegetation) and management (e.g. cropping, tillage, traffic). A conceptual model is proposed that summarizes these effects of site factors on the inherent potential for non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in macropores. Initial and boundary conditions determine the extent to which this potential is realized. High rain intensities clearly increase the strength of non-equilibrium flow in macropores, but the effects of initial water content seem complex, due to the confounding effects of soil shrinkage and water repellency. The impacts of macropore flow on water quality are most significant for relatively immobile solutes that are foreign to the soil and whose effects on ecosystem and human health are pronounced even at small leached fractions (e.g. pesticides). The review concludes with a discussion of topics where process understanding is still lacking, and also suggests some potential applications of the considerable knowledge that has accumulated in recent decades.
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Stenemo F. & Jarvis N.J. (2007). Accounting for uncertainty in pedotransfer functions in vulnerability assessments of pesticide leaching to groundwater. Pest Management Science, 63(9):867-875.
Vi preghiamo di contattare direttamente Fredrik Stenemo per ottenere un reprint del lavoro.
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Abstract: A simulation tool for site-specific vulnerability assessments of pesticide leaching to groundwater was developed, based on the pesticide fate and transport model MACRO, parameterized using pedotransfer functions and reasonable worst-case parameter values. The effects of uncertainty in the pedotransfer functions on simulation
results were examined for 48 combinations of soils, pesticides and application timings, by sampling pedotransfer
function regression errors and propagating them through the simulation model in a Monte Carlo analysis. An
uncertainty factor, fu, was derived, defined as the ratio between the concentration simulated with no errors, csim,
and the 80th percentile concentration for the scenario. The pedotransfer function errors caused a large variation
in simulation results, with fu ranging from 1.14 to 1440, with a median of 2.8. A non-linear relationship was
found between fu and csim, which can be used to account for parameter uncertainty by correcting the simulated
concentration, csim, to an estimated 80th percentile value. For fine-textured soils, the predictions were most
sensitive to errors in the pedotransfer functions for two parameters regulating macropore flow (the saturated
matrix hydraulic conductivity, Kb, and the effective diffusion pathlength, d) and two water retention function
parameters (van Genuchten’s N and a parameters). For coarse-textured soils, the model was also sensitive to
errors in the exponent in the degradation water response function and the dispersivity, in addition to Kb, but
showed little sensitivity to d. To reduce uncertainty in model predictions, improved pedotransfer functions for
Kb, d,N and a would therefore be most useful.
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Reichenberger S., Bach M., Skitschak A. & Frede H.-G. (2007). Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground- and surface water and their effectiveness: a review. The Science of the Total Environment, 384:1-35.
Vi preghiamo di contattare direttamente Stefan Reichenberger per ottenere un reprint del lavoro.
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Abstract: In this paper, the current knowledge on mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into surface water and groundwater, and their effectiveness when applied in practice is reviewed. Apart from their effectiveness in reducing pesticide inputs into groundand surface water, the mitigation measures identified in the literature are evaluated with respect to their practicability. Those measures considered both effective and feasible are recommended for implementing at the farm and catchment scale. Finally, recommendations for modelling are provided using the identified reduction efficiencies. Roughly 180 publications directly dealing with or being somehow related to mitigation of pesticide inputs into water bodies were examined. The effectiveness of grassed buffer strips located at the lower edges of fields has been demonstrated. However, this effectiveness is very variable, and the variability cannot be explained by strip width alone. Riparian buffer strips are most probably much less effective than edge-of-field buffer strips in reducing pesticide runoff and erosion inputs into surface waters. Constructed wetlands are promising tools for mitigating pesticide inputs via runoff/erosion and drift into surface waters, but their effectiveness still has to be demonstrated for weakly and moderately sorbing compounds. Subsurface drains are an effective mitigation measure for pesticide runoff losses from slowly permeable soils with frequent waterlogging. For the pathways drainage and leaching, the only feasible mitigation measures are application rate reduction, product substitution and shift of the application date. There are many possible effective measures of spray drift reduction. While sufficient knowledge exists for suggesting default values for the efficiency of single drift mitigation measures, little information exists on the effect of the drift reduction efficiency of combinations of measures. More research on possible interactions between different drift mitigation measures and the resulting overall drift reduction efficiency is therefore indicated. Point-source inputs can be mitigated against by increasing awareness of the farmers with regard to pesticide handling and application, and encouraging them to implement loss-reducing measures of “best management practice”. In catchments dominated by diffuse inputs at least in some years, mitigation of point-source inputs alone may not be sufficient to reduce pesticide loads/concentrations in water bodies to an acceptable level.
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Blenkinsop S., Fowler H.J., Dubus I.G., Nolan B.T. & Hollis J.M. Developing climatic scenarios for pesticide fate modelling in Europe. Environmental Pollution, in press.
Vi preghiamo di contattare direttamente Stephen Blenkinsop per ottenere un reprint del lavoro.
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Abstract: A climatic classification for Europe suitable for pesticide fate modelling was constructed using a 3-stage process involving the identification of key climatic variables, the extraction of the dominant modes of spatial variability in those variables and the use of k-means clustering to identify regions with similar climates. The procedure identified 16 coherent zones that reflect the variability of climate across Europe whilst maintaining a manageable number of zones for subsequent modelling studies. An analysis of basic climatic parameters for each zone demonstrates the success of the scheme in identifying distinct climatic regions. Objective criteria were used to identify one representative 26-year daily meteorological series from a European dataset for each zone. The representativeness of each series was then verified against the zonal classi- fications. These new FOOTPRINT climate zones provide a state-of-the-art objective classification of European climate complete with representative daily data that are suitable for use in pesticide fate modelling.
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Barriuso E., Benoit P. & Dubus I.G. The formation of pesticide bound residues in soil: magnitude, controlling factors and reversibility. Environmental Science & Technology, in press.
Vi preghiamo di contattare direttamente Enrique Barriuso per ottenere un reprint del lavoro.
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Abstract: The analysis of the coherent data on non-extractable (bound) residues (NER) from the literature and EU pesticide registration dossiers allows the identification of general trends, in spite of the large variability and heterogeneity of data. About 50% of the pesticides reviewed exhibit a low proportion of NER (less than 30% of the initial amount) while only 12% of pesticides have a proportion of NER exceeding 70%. The lowest proportion of NER was found for dinitroanilines (< 20%) and the largest value was obtained for carbamates, and in particular dithiocarbamates. The presence of chemical reactive groups, such as aniline or phenol, tends to yield a larger proportion of NER. NER originating from N-heteroatomic ring were found to be lower than from phenyl-ring structures. Among the environmental factors affecting the formation of NER, microbial activity has a direct and significant effect. Concerning the NER uptake or their bioavailability, consistent data suggest that only a small percentage of the total amounts of NER can be released. The analysis of NER formation kinetics showed that incubation experiments are often stopped too early to allow a correct evaluation of the NER maturation phase. There is therefore a need for longer term experiments to evaluate the tail of the NER formation kinetics. Still, the heterogeneity of the NER data between pesticides and for specific pesticides calls for great care in the interpretation of the data and their generalisation.
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Lavori presentati per riviste
Nolan B.T., Dubus I.G., Surdyk N., Fowler H.J., Burton A., Hollis J.M., Reichenberger S. & Jarvis N.J. Identification of key climatic factors regulating the transport of pesticides in leaching and to tile drains.
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Abstract: We identified key climatic factors influencing the fate of pesticides in the environment as part of an ongoing risk assessment for the European Union. Climatic zonations for fate modelling were previously based on average annual temperature and rainfall. Other climate characteristics, such as the timing of rainfall in relation to pesticide application, may be more critical. We simulated the fate of three pesticides, nine contrasting soil types, two application periods, five application dates, and six climatic data series using the pesticide leaching model MACRO. The climatic data were then characterized in detail with regard to rainfall and temperature patterns before and after pesticide application. Predicted cumulative pesticide loads were analyzed and related to climatic variables using statistical methods. Soil type was a dominant factor controlling pesticide loss in both leaching and drainage scenarios. Clay soils were consistently associated with upper-quartile pesticide losses (>0.046 mg/m2 for leaching and 0.042 mg/m2 for drainage). Winter rainfall influenced losses of less mobile and more persistent compounds, while short-term rainfall and temperature controlled the more mobile pesticides. Climate interacted strongly with soil type under both leaching and drainage scenarios. The influence of short-term climatic variables and the timing of extreme events in relation to pesticide application were greater for drainage scenarios than for leaching, which is consistent with the rapid transport of pesticide via macropores in fine-textured soils. Climatic factors identified here are being used to refine climatic zonations representing the European Union.
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Lavori in preparazione
Dubus I.G., Nolan B.T., Surdyk N., Fowler H., Jarvis N.J., Reichenberger S., Réal B. & Hollis J.M. Can shifts in application dates help reduce pesticide loss and maximum concentrations in drainage?
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18/12/07: Nuovo articolo sui residui non estraibili accettato da ES&T
15/12/07: Nuovo documento per policy e decision makers
23/11/07: PPTs del meeting annuale FOOTPRINT in Italia disponibili per il download
07/09/07: Sessione speciale FOOTPRINT alla conferenza di Piacenza
14/08/07: 2 nuovi lavori
24/06/07: Sito web in francese
02/04/07: Pubblicazione della prima newsletter del progetto
29/11/06: Posters disponibili per il download
26/09/06: Presentazione al AgChemForum 2006
02/07/06: FOOTPRINT reviews disponibili per il download
17/05/06: Pubblicazione della nuova versione del database di FOOTPRINT
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